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In the , Venezuelan won a gold medal in. Retrieved 10 March 2007. During this period, the country does not plan on participating in the OAS.\
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Venezuela ; American Spanish: , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela : República Bolivariana de Venezuela , is a on the northern coast of , consisting of a land and a large number of and in the , whose capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km 2 353,841 sq mi. The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the , on the west by , on the south, to the north-east and on the east by. With this last country, the Venezuelan Government maintains a claim for over an area of 159,542 km 2 61,600 sq mi. For its maritime areas, it exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km 2 27,527 sq mi of , 22,224 km 2 8,581 sq mi in its contiguous zone, 471,507 km 2 182,050 sq mi of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of , and 99,889 km 2 38,567of mi. This marine area borders those of thirteen States. The country has and is ranked 7th in the world's list of nations with the most number of species. There are habitats ranging from the Mountains in the west to the rain-forest in the south via extensive plains, the Caribbean coast and the in the east. The territory now known as Venezuela was in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to which was not securely established until 1821, when Venezuela was a department of the federal republic of. It gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military strongmen until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to several political crises, including the deadly riots of 1989, , and the impeachment of President for embezzlement of public funds in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the of former coup-involved career officer and the launch of the. The revolution began with a , where a new Constitution of Venezuela was written. This new constitution officially changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Venezuela is a charter member of the , , , , , and. The country is a consisting of , the covering , and covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas which is also the largest city in Venezuela. Oil was discovered in the early 20th century and, today, Venezuela has the world's and has been one of the world's leading. Previously the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as and , but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The led to an and a long-running economic crisis. The recovery of in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s. The Venezuelan government then established policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, temporarily reducing and. However, such populist policies later became inadequate, causing the nation's collapse as their excesses—including a uniquely extreme fossil fuel subsidy —are widely blamed for destabilizing the nation's economy. The destabilized economy led to a , resulting in , an , and drastic increases in unemployment, poverty, disease, child mortality, malnutrition and crime. By late 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in with debt payments by. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, an expedition led by visited the Venezuelan coast. The Spanish version of Veneziola is Venezuela. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that the crew found who called themselves the Veneciuela. Evidence exists of human habitation in the area now known as Venezuela from about 15,000 years ago. It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest; it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historical groups such as the Caribs , , , , and. The Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks. Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and. They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the , a staple in. After the conquest, the population dropped markedly, mainly through the spread of new infectious diseases from Europe. Two main north-south axes of pre-Columbian population were present, who cultivated in the west and in the east. Large parts of the llanos were cultivated through a combination of and permanent settled agriculture. Colonization Colonial city of , in which important samples of an eclectic architecture that combines , native, and styles are preserved. This city houses 602 historic buildings according to UNESCO. In 1498, during his third voyage to the Americas, sailed near the Orinoco Delta and landed in the. Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater which deflected his course eastward, Columbus expressed in a letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that he must have reached Heaven on Earth terrestrial paradise : Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise, for the site conforms to the opinion of the holy and wise theologians whom I have mentioned. His certainty of having attained Paradise made him name this region 'Land of Grace', a phrase that has become the country's nickname. Spain's colonization of mainland Venezuela started in 1522, establishing its first permanent South American settlement in the present-day city of. In the 16th century, Venezuela was contracted as a concession by the King of Spain to the German banking family , 1528—1546. Native leaders such as circa 1530—1568 and died 1573 attempted to resist Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them; Tamanaco was put to death by order of Caracas' founder,. In the 16th century, during the Spanish colonization, indigenous peoples such as many of the , themselves descendants of the Kalina, converted to. Some of the resisting tribes or leaders are commemorated in place names, including Caracas, and. The early colonial settlements focused on the northern coast, but in the mid-18th century, the Spanish pushed farther inland along the. Here, the then known as the Makiritare organized serious resistance in 1775 and 1776. Spain's eastern Venezuelan settlements were incorporated into. Administered by the from the early 16th century, most of Venezuela became part of the in the early 18th century, and was then reorganized as an autonomous starting in 1777. The town of Caracas, founded in the central coastal region in 1567, was well-placed to become a key location, being near the coastal port of whilst itself being located in a valley in a mountain range, providing defensive strength against and a more fertile and healthy climate. Independence and 19th century The signing of Venezuela's independence, by After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela, under the leadership of , a Venezuelan marshal who had fought in the and the , on July 5, 1811. This began the Venezuelan War of Independence. A devastating , together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan , helped bring down the first Venezuelan republic. A , proclaimed on August 7, 1813, lasted several months before being crushed, as well. On July 24, 1823, and helped seal Venezuelan independence with their victory in the. New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army; leading it, he liberated several countries and founded. Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate and later become the second president of. Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a rebellion led by Páez allowed the proclamation of a newly independent Venezuela; Páez became the first president of the new republic. Between one-quarter and one-third of Venezuela's population was lost during these two decades of warfare, which by 1830, was estimated at about 800,000. Much of Venezuela's 19th-century history was characterized by political turmoil and rule, including the Independence leader José Antonio Páez, who gained the presidency three times and served a total of 11 years between 1830 and 1863. This culminated in the 1859—1863 , a civil war in which hundreds of thousands died in a country with a population of not much more than a million people. In the latter half of the century, , another caudillo, served a total of 13 years between 1870 and 1887, with three other presidents interspersed. In 1895, a longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the territory of Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory, erupted into the. The dispute became a diplomatic crisis when Venezuela's lobbyist, , sought to argue that British behavior over the issue violated the United States' of 1823, and used his influence in Washington, D. Then, US President adopted a broad interpretation of the doctrine that did not just simply forbid new European colonies, but declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere. Britain ultimately accepted arbitration, but in negotiations over its terms was able to persuade the US on many of the details. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the issue and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana. In 1899, , assisted by his friend , seized power in Caracas, marching an army from his base in the Andean state of. Castro defaulted on Venezuela's considerable foreign debts and declined to pay compensation to foreigners caught up in Venezuela's civil wars. This led to the , in which Britain, Germany and Italy imposed a naval blockade of several months before international arbitration at the new in was agreed. In 1908, broke out with the Netherlands, which was resolved when Castro left for medical treatment in Germany and was promptly overthrown by Juan Vicente Gómez. It prompted an economic boom that lasted into the 1980s; by 1935, Venezuela's per capita was Latin America's highest. Gómez benefited handsomely from this, as corruption thrived, but at the same time, the new source of income helped him centralize the Venezuelan state and develop its authority. He remained the most powerful man in Venezuela until his death in 1935, although at times he ceded the presidency to others. The gomecista dictatorship system largely continued under , but from 1941, under , was relaxed. Angarita granted a range of reforms, including the legalization of all political parties. After , from Southern Europe mainly from Spain, , Portugal, and France and poorer Latin American countries markedly diversified Venezuelan society. Initially, under Rómulo Betancourt, until won the generally believed to be the first free and fair elections in Venezuela. Gallegos governed until overthrown by a military junta led by and Gallegos' Defense Minister, , in the. Pérez Jiménez was the most powerful man in the junta though Chalbaud was its titular president and was suspected of being behind the death in office of Chalbaud, who died in a bungled kidnapping in 1950. When the junta unexpectedly lost the , it ignored the results and Pérez Jiménez was installed as President, where he remained until 1958. The expansion of the Venezuelan economy in this period was based on the indebtedness of the Venezuelan nation and that was one of the causes of the economic crisis in Venezuela in the 1960s ,in which important projects such as the Urban Center El Recreo de Marcel Brauer on Avenida Casanova in district were paralyzed. During Pérez Jiménez's administration, the State intervened areas of the economy that were traditionally carried out by private companies. The Pérez Jiménez government was characterized by its state capitalism and not by liberal capitalism. It was an antecedent of the populist and paternalistic economic regime of the later democratic regimes. The national private entrepreneurship increasingly had less space to grow and prosper. The State was the great capitalist in the Venezuela of Pérez Jiménez and was the largest national shareholder of major hotel chains such as Sheraton. In the government of , Venezuela's debt grew more than 25 times and went from 175 million to more than 4,500 million bolivares in just 5 years approximately 15 billion dollars in 2018. The malaise over the debts of Venezuela reached the barracks and the national business. The Finance Minister failed to convince Pérez Jiménez to order the cancellation of debts. As of January 14, 1958, the Venezuelan business community decided to divorce itself completely from the regime, nine days before the collapse of the government. The military dictator Pérez Jiménez was forced out on January 23, 1958. In an effort to consolidate the young democracy, the major political parties with the notable exception of the signed the. Democratic Action and would dominate the political landscape for four decades. Most of these movements laid down their arms under 's presidency 1969—74 ; Caldera had won the for COPEI, being the first time a party other than Democratic Action took the presidency through a democratic election. The new democratic order had its antagonists. Betancourt suffered an attack planned by the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo, and the leftists excluded from the Pact initiated an armed insurgency by organizing themselves in the Armed Forces of National Liberation, sponsored by the Communist Party and Fidel Castro. In 1962 they tried to destabilize the military corps, with failed revolts in Carúpano and Puerto Cabello. At the same time, Betancourt promoted an international doctrine in which he only recognized elected governments by popular vote. The center of Caracas. As a result of the debt that Marcos Pérez Jiménez had left, it was necessary an economic adjustment program in Venezuela. The Economic Recovery Plan of 1960, was formulated by Tomás Enrique Carrillo Batalla. The Economic Recovery Plan fulfilled its objectives and in 1964, Venezuela was able to return to an anchored exchange rate, with free purchase and sale of foreign currency. This system lasted until the Venezuelan Black Friday of 1983, although the model was already running out at the end of the seventies. The consolidation of the democratic system and the dissipation of fears of political radicalization of the country contributed to normalize the demand for foreign currency, stabilizing the parallel exchange rate. For much of the period between 1950 and 1973, the Venezuelan economy was characterized by its stability and sustained strength, factors that contributed decisively to being able to maintain a fixed exchange rate without major inconveniences. In the period of Carlos Andrés Pérez, as a result of the Arab-Israeli war the Yom Kippur war , the average price of a barrel of oil went from 3,71 to 10,53 dollars and continued to rise to exceed 29 dollars in 1981. The income of the public sector went from 18,960 million bolivars in 1973 to 45,564 million in 1974. The increased inflow of funds to savings and loan entities and mortgage banks allowed an increase in the mortgage loan portfolio, which also tripled. In general, Venezuela was a prosperous country in the governments of Rómulo Betancourt, Rafael Caldera and Carlos Andrés Pérez. In 1975 the iron industry was nationalized and the following year the oil industry, creating Petróleos de Venezuela, S. Both Caldera and Pérez partially broke with the Betancourt Doctrine. The view from the Caracas Cable Car 2017 The election of Carlos Andrés Pérez coincided with the , in which Venezuela's income exploded as soared; oil industries were nationalized in 1976. This led to massive increases in public spending, but also increases in external debts, which continued into the 1980s when the collapse of oil prices during the 1980s crippled the Venezuelan economy. As the government started to devalue the currency in February 1983 to face its financial obligations, Venezuelans' real standards of living fell dramatically. A number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government led to rising poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political instability. During the presidency of Luis Herrera Campins, at the beginning of the 1980s, important infrastructure works were completed, such as the Parque Central Complex which became the largest housing complex and the tallest towers in Latin America , Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex the largest cultural center in South America at that time , the Brígido Iriarte Stadium and the United Nations Park. Most of these works had been previously planned. Until the mid-eighties, the Venezuelan economy showed a very positive behavior, characterized by the absence of internal or external imbalances, high economic growth, largely due to the sustained and very high gross fixed investment of those years, 10 under unemployment and great price stability. This translated into sustained increases in the average real wage and an improvement in the condition of life. In 1983 the bolivar was devalued on Black Friday, unleashing a strong economic crisis, which hit investments in the most important financial centers of the Venezuelan capital, such as. In the government of Jaime Lusinchi, an attempt was made to solve the problem. Unfortunately, the measures failed. After a long period of accelerated economic expansion that lasts for six decades value of the stock of homes by families , an extreme higher value is reached towards 1982. From this historical value begins then a systematic fall that mounts to 26 hundred up to 2006, and that configures a genuine unique experience in contemporary economic life.. However, the economic deactivation of the country had begun to show its first signs in 1978. Venezuela was preparing for the decentralization of its political system and the diversification of its economy, reducing the large size of the State. The COPRE operated as an innovation mechanism, also by incorporating issues into the political agenda that were generally excluded from public deliberation by the main actors of the Venezuelan democratic system. The most discussed topics were incorporated into the public agenda: decentralization, political participation, municipalization, judicial oder reforms and the role of the State in a new economic strategy. Unfortunately, the social reality of the country made the changes difficult to apply. Economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis in which hundreds died in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups d'état in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez re-elected in 1988 for corruption in 1993. Coup leader Hugo Chávez was pardoned in March 1994 by president , with a clean slate and his political rights reinstated. Bolivarian government: 1999—present Main article: The Bolivarian Revolution refers to a and political process in Venezuela led by the late Venezuelan president, Hugo Chávez, the founder of the and later the. They interpret Bolívar's ideas from a perspective, using rhetoric. Chávez also initiated , programs aimed at helping the poor. In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the following popular demonstrations by his opponents, but he was returned to power after two days as a result of demonstrations by poor Chávez supporters in Caracas and actions by the military. Capital flight before and during the strike led to the reimposition of currency controls which had been abolished in 1989 , managed by the agency. In the subsequent decade, the government was forced into several currency devaluations. These devaluations have done little to improve the situation of the Venezuelan people who rely on imported products or locally produced products that depend on imported inputs while dollar-denominated oil sales account for the vast majority of Venezuela's exports. Chávez survived several further political tests, including an. He was elected for another term and re-elected for a third term in October 2012. However, he was never sworn in for his third period, due to medical complications. Chávez died on 5 March 2013 after a nearly two-year fight with cancer. The presidential election that took place on Sunday, 14 April 2013, was the first since Chávez took office in 1999 in which his name did not appear on the ballot. Poverty and inflation began to increase into the 2010s. Chavez picked Maduro as his successor and appointed him vice president in 2013. Despite the demand for a recount and claims of manipulation by his competitor, Maduro was announced victorious. Venezuela devalued its currency in February 2013 due to the rising shortages in the country, milk, flour, and other necessities. This led to an increase in malnutrition, especially among children. In 2014, Venezuela entered an. In 2015, Venezuela had the world's highest inflation rate with the rate surpassing 100%, becoming the highest in the country's history. Economic problems, as well as crime and corruption, were some of the main causes of the , which left hundreds of protesters killed. Nicolás Maduro: 2013—present , the current president Nicolás Maduro has been the since April 14, 2013, after winning the second presidential election after Chávez's death, with 50. The contested his election as fraud and as a violation of the constitution. However, the ruled that under Venezuela's Constitution, Nicolás Maduro is the legitimate president and was invested as such by the Venezuelan Asamblea Nacional. Opposition leaders and international media consider the government of Maduro to be a dictatorship. Beginning in February 2014, hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans have protested over high levels of criminal violence, corruption, hyperinflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods due to policies of the federal government. Demonstrations and riots have left over 40 fatalities in the unrest between both Chavistas and opposition protesters, and has led to the arrest of opposition leaders such as and. Human rights groups have strongly condemned the arrest of Leopoldo López. In the , the opposition gained a majority. Further information: and The following year, in a July 2016 decree, President Maduro used his executive power to declare a state of economic emergency. The decree could force citizens to work in agricultural fields and farms for 60-day or longer periods to supply food to the country. Colombian border crossings have been temporarily opened to allow Venezuelans to purchase food and basic household and health items in Colombia in mid-2016. In October 2016, Fox News Latino reported that during a month-long riot at the Táchira Detention Center in Caracas, 40 inmates dismembered and consumed three fellow inmates. There have been close to 200 prison riots in Venezuela in 2016, with the cause being attributed to a worsening social situation, increasing poverty, and food shortages leading to overcrowded prisons. In March 2017, opposition leaders branded President Nicolas Maduro a dictator after the Maduro-aligned Supreme Tribunal, which had been overturning most National Assembly decisions since the opposition took control of the body, took over the functions of the assembly, pushing a lengthy political standoff to new heights. However, the Supreme Court quickly backed down and reversed its decision on April 1, 2017. A month later, President Maduro announced the and on August 30, 2017, the was elected into office and quickly stripped the National Assembly of its powers. In December 2017, President Maduro declared that leading opposition parties will be barred from taking part in next year's presidential vote after they boycotted mayoral polls. Maduro won the with 67. The result was deemed fraudulent and denounced by many countries, including , , and the. Venezuela map of Köppen climate classification. Venezuela is located in the north of South America; geologically, its mainland rests on the. It has a total area of 916,445 km 2 353,841 sq mi and a land area of 882,050 km 2 340,560 sq mi , making Venezuela the. The territory it controls lies between latitudes and and longitudes and. Shaped roughly like a triangle, the country has a 2,800 km 1,700 mi coastline in the north, which includes numerous islands in the Caribbean and the northeast borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well-defined regions: the in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east-west arc from the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the in the southeast. The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America's Andes mountain range. To the south, the dissected contain the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and , the world's highest waterfall, as well as , large table-like mountains. The country's center is characterized by the llanos, which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River in the east. The Orinoco, with its rich , binds the largest and most important of the country; it originates in one of the largest in Latin America. The and the are other major rivers. Venezuela borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, , , , and the lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana, formerly United Kingdom, largely concerning the and with Colombia concerning the. In 1895, after years of diplomatic attempts to solve the border dispute, the dispute over the Essequibo River border flared up. Venezuela's most significant natural resources are and , , , and other minerals. It also has large areas of and water. Venezuelan climatic types, according to their thermal floors Venezuela is entirely located in the tropics over the Equator to around 12° N. Its climate varies from humid low-elevation plains, where average annual temperatures range as high as 35 °C 95. Annual rainfall varies from 430 mm 16. The precipitation level is lower in the period from August through April. These periods are referred to as hot-humid and cold-dry seasons. The majority of the population lives in these mountains. The country falls into four horizontal temperature zones based primarily on elevation, having tropical, dry, temperate with dry winters, and polar climates, amongst others. In the tropical zone—below 800 m 2,625 ft —temperatures are hot, with yearly averages ranging between 26 and 28 °C 78. The temperate zone ranges between 800 and 2,000 m 2,625 and 6,562 ft with averages from 12 to 25 °C 53. Colder conditions with temperatures from 9 to 11 °C 48. Biodiversity Map of Venezuela lies within the ; large portions of the country were originally covered by. One of 17 megadiverse countries, Venezuela's range from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. They include in the extreme northwest and coastal forests in the northeast. Its and lowland are particularly rich. Venezuela hosts a total of 1,417 bird species, 48 of which are endemic. Important birds include , , , and the yellow-orange , the national bird. Notable include the , , and the , the world's largest. More than half of Venezuelan avian and mammalian species are found in the south of the Orinoco. Dennis which has been digitized and the records made available on-line as part of the Cybertruffle Robigalia database. That database includes nearly 3,900 species of fungi recorded from Venezuela, but is far from complete, and the true total number of fungal species already known from Venezuela is likely higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered. These include the flor de mayo orchid , the national flower. Venezuela is among the top 20 countries in terms of. Among its animals, 23% of and 50% of species are endemic. Although the available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Venezuela: 1334 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country. Some 38% of the over 21,000 plant species known from Venezuela are unique to the country. Environment See also: Venezuela is one of the 10 most biodiverse countries on the planet, yet it is one of the leaders of deforestation due to economic and political factors. Each year, roughly 287,600 hectares of forest are permanently destroyed and other areas are degraded by mining, oil extraction, and logging. Between 1990 and 2005, Venezuela officially lost 8. In response, federal protections for critical habitat were implemented; for example, 20% to 33% of forested land is protected. The country's is part of the ; five are registered under the. In 2003, 70% of the nation's land was under conservation management in over 200 protected areas, including 43 national parks. In the far south is a reserve for the country's Yanomami tribes. Covering 32,000 square miles 82,880 square kilometres , the area is off-limits to farmers, miners, and all non-Yanomami settlers. Venezuela was one of the few countries that didn't enter an at. Main articles: and Following the fall of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958, Venezuelan politics were dominated by the COPEI and the center-left Democratic Action AD parties; this was formalized by the arrangement. Economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis which resulted in hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for corruption in 1993. The opposition's attempts to unseat Chávez included the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, the Venezuelan general strike of 2002—2003, and the Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004, all of which failed. Chávez was re-elected in December 2006, but suffered a significant defeat in 2007 with the narrow rejection of the , which had offered two packages of constitutional reforms aimed at deepening the Bolivarian Revolution. Two major blocs of are in Venezuela: the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela PSUV , its major allies PPT and the Communist Party of Venezuela PCV , and the opposition bloc grouped into the electoral coalition. This includes UNT together with allied parties , , MAS and others. Hugo Chávez, the central figure of the Venezuelan political landscape since his election to the Presidency in 1998 as a political outsider, died in office in early 2013, and was succeeded by Nicolás Maduro initially as interim President, before narrowly winning the. The Venezuelan president is elected by a vote, with direct and , and is both and. The term of office is six years, and as of 15 February 2009 a president may be re-elected an unlimited number of times. The president appoints the vice president and decides the size and composition of the and makes appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections. The president may ask the National Assembly to pass an granting the ability to in specified policy areas; this requires a two-thirds majority in the Assembly. Since 1959, six Venezuelan presidents have been granted such powers. The number of members is variable — each state and the Capital district elect three representatives plus the result of dividing the state population by 1. Three seats are reserved for representatives of Venezuela's indigenous peoples. For the 2011—2016 period the number of seats is 165. All deputies serve five-year terms. The voting age in Venezuela is 18 and older. The belongs to the tradition. The highest body is the or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, whose magistrates are elected by parliament for a single two-year term. The Consejo Nacional Electoral, or CNE is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly. Suspension of constitutional rights , the main commercial corridor of Venezuela were held in Venezuela on 6 December 2015 to elect the 164 and three indigenous representatives of the National Assembly. In 2014, a series of protest and demonstrations began in Venezuela, attributed to inflation, and shortages in Venezuela. The government has accused the protest of being motivated by , opposition leaders, capitalism and foreign influence, despite being largely peaceful. President Maduro acknowledged defeat, but attributed the opposition's victory to an intensification of an economic war. In the following months, Maduro fulfilled his promise of preventing the democratically- and constitutionally-elected National Assembly from legislating. The first steps taken by PSUV and government were the substitution of the entire a day after the Parliamentary Elections contrary to the Constitution of Venezuela, acclaimed as a fraud by the majority of the Venezuelan and international press. The PSUV government used this violation to suspend several elected opponents, ignoring again the Constitution of Venezuela. In January 16, 2016, Maduro approved an unconstitutional economic emergency decree, relegating to his own figure the legislative and executive powers, while also holding judiciary power through the fraudulent designation of judges the day after the election on 6 December 2015. From these events, Maduro effectively controls all three branches of government. On 14 May 2016, the was considering the application of the sanctions for non-compliance to its own constitution. In March 2017, the Venezuelan Supreme Court took over law making powers from the National Assembly but reversed its decision the following day. Foreign relations The is a territory administered by and claimed by Venezuela. Throughout most of the 20th century, Venezuela maintained friendly relations with most Latin American and Western nations. Relations between Venezuela and the United States government worsened in 2002, after the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt during which the U. In 2015, Venezuela was declared a national security threat by U. Correspondingly, ties to various Latin American and Middle Eastern countries not allied to the U. Venezuela seeks alternative integration via such proposals as the trade proposal and the newly launched pan-Latin American. Venezuela is one of five nations in the world—along with Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria —to have recognized the independence of. Venezuela was a proponent of 's decision to adopt its Anti-Corruption Convention and is actively working in the trade bloc to push increased trade and energy integration. On April 26, 2017, Venezuela announced its intention to withdraw from the OAS. Venezuelan said that President plans to publicly renounce Venezuela's membership on April 27, 2017. It will take two years for the country to formally leave. During this period, the country does not plan on participating in the OAS. Venezuela is involved in a long-standing disagreement about the control of the area. Military A of the Venezuelan Air Force The Bolivarian National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB are the overall unified military forces of Venezuela. It includes over 320,150 men and women, under Article 328 of the Constitution, in 5 components of Ground, Sea and Air. The components of the Bolivarian National Armed Forces are: the , the , the , the , and the. As of 2008 , a further 600,000 soldiers were incorporated into a new branch, known as the Armed Reserve. The President of Venezuela is the of the national armed forces. The main roles of the armed forces are to defend the sovereign national territory of Venezuela, airspace, and islands, fight against drug trafficking, to search and rescue and, in the case of a natural disaster, civil protection. All male citizens of Venezuela have a constitutional duty to register for the military service at the age of 18, which is the in Venezuela. Law and crime Number of kidnappings in Venezuela 1989—2011. The number of homicides in Venezuela has been inflated, which has even been recognized by opposition intellectuals. In Venezuela, a person is murdered every 21 minutes. Violent crimes have been so prevalent in Venezuela that the government no longer produces the crime data. In 2013, the homicide rate was approximately 79 per 100,000, one of the world's highest, having quadrupled in the past 15 years with over 200,000 people murdered. By 2015, it had risen to 90 per 100,000. The country's body count of the previous decade mimics that of the and in some instances had more civilian deaths even though the country is at. The capital Caracas has one of the greatest homicide rates of any large city in the world, with 122 homicides per 100,000 residents. In 2008, polls indicated that crime was the number one concern of voters. Attempts at fighting crime such as Operation Liberation of the People were implemented to crack down on gang-controlled areas but, of reported criminal acts, less than 2% are prosecuted. In 2017, the Financial Times noted that some of the arms procured by the government over the previous two decades had been diverted to paramilitary civilian groups and criminal syndicates. Venezuela is especially dangerous toward foreign travelers and investors who are visiting. The and the have warned foreign visitors that they may be subjected to robbery, kidnapping for a ransom or sale to terrorist organizations and murder, and that their own diplomatic travelers are required to travel in. The United Kingdom's has advised against all travel to Venezuela. Visitors have been murdered during robberies and criminals do not discriminate among their victims. Former Miss Venezuela 2004 winner and her ex-husband were murdered and their 5-year-old daughter was shot while vacationing in Venezuela, and an elderly German tourist was murdered only a few weeks later. There are approximately 33 prisons holding about 50,000 inmates. They include; El Rodeo outside of Caracas, Yare Prison in the northern state of Miranda, and several others. Venezuela's system is heavily overcrowded; its facilities have capacity for only 14,000 prisoners. Corruption Main article: is high by world standards and was so for much of the 20th century. Venezuela has been ranked one of the most corrupt countries on the since the survey started in 1995. The 2010 ranking placed Venezuela at number 164, out of 178 ranked countries. By 2016, the rank had increased to 166 out of 178. Similarly, the ranked Venezuela 99th out of 99 countries surveyed in its 2014 Rule of Law Index. This corruption is shown with Venezuela's significant involvement in , with and other drugs transiting Venezuela towards the United States and Europe. Venezuela ranks fourth in the world for cocaine seizures, behind Colombia, the United States, and. In 2006, the government's agency for combating the Illegal drug trade in Venezuela, , was incorporated into the office of the vice-president of the country. However, many major government and military officials have been known for their involvement with drug trafficking; especially with the October 2013 incident of men from the Venezuelan National Guard placing 1. Main articles: and Venezuela is divided into 23 states estados , a capital district distrito capital corresponding to the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies Dependencias Federales, a special territory. Venezuela is further subdivided into 335 municipios ; these are subdivided into over one thousand parroquias. The states are grouped into nine administrative regions regiones administrativas , which were established in 1969 by presidential decree. The country can be further divided into ten geographical areas, some corresponding to climatic and biogeographical regions. In the north are the and the , a mountainous tract in the northwest, holds several and valleys. East of it are lowlands abutting Lake Maracaibo and the Gulf of Venezuela. The runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding Caracas; the Eastern Range, separated from the Central Range by the , covers all of and northern. The includes all of Venezuela's island possessions: and the various. The Orinoco Delta, which forms a triangle covering , projects northeast into the Atlantic Ocean. Largest cities Largest metropolitan areas Fashion stores in the district 2018 The is responsible for developing for the which is used as currency. The President of the Central Bank of Venezuela serves as the country's representative in the. Venezuela has a dominated by the petroleum sector, which accounts for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of exports, and more than half of government revenues. Venezuela has the in the world because the consumer price of petrol is heavily subsidized. As of 2011, more than 60% of Venezuela's international reserves was in gold, eight times more than the average for the region. Most of Venezuela's gold held abroad was located in London. However government policies quickly spent down this returned gold and in 2013 the government was forced to add the dollar reserves of state owned companies to those of the national bank to reassure the international bond market. Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in 2006. Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry products such as , and , with production concentrated around , near the , one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three-quarters of Venezuela's electricity. Other notable manufacturing includes and , as well as , and. The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of. In 2012, total food consumption was over 26 million metric tonnes, a 94. Business Center 2018 , headquarter of Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th century, Venezuela has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil, and it is a founding member of. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rise to 66% in 1995 as by 1998 per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak. The 1990s also saw Venezuela experience a. Annual variation of real GDP according to the Central Bank of Venezuela 2016 preliminary The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and facilitated social spending. With social programs such as the , Venezuela initially made progress in social development in the 2000s, particularly in areas such as health, education, and poverty. Many of the social policies pursued by Chávez and his administration were jump-started by the , eight goals that Venezuela and 188 other nations agreed to in September 2000. The sustainability of the Bolivarian Missions has been questioned due to the Bolivarian state's overspending on public works and because the Chávez government did not save funds for future economic hardships like other OPEC nations; with economic issues and poverty rising as a result of their policies in the 2010s. In 2003 the government of Hugo Chávez implemented currency controls after capital flight led to a devaluation of the currency. This led to the development of a parallel market of dollars in the subsequent years. The fallout of the saw a renewed economic downturn. Despite controversial data shared by the Venezuelan government showing that the country had halved malnutrition following one of the UN's Millennium Development Goals, shortages of staple goods began to occur in Venezuela and malnutrition began to increase. In early 2013, Venezuela devalued its currency due to growing shortages in the country. The shortages included, and still include, necessities such as toilet paper, milk, and flour. Fears rose so high due to the toilet paper shortage that the government occupied a toilet paper factory, and continued further plans to nationalize other industrial aspects like food distribution. Venezuela's bond ratings have also decreased multiple times in 2013 due to decisions by the president Nicolás Maduro. One of his decisions was to force stores and their warehouses to sell all of their products, which led to even more shortages in the future. In 2016, consumer prices in Venezuela increased 800% and the economy declined by 18. Venezuela's outlook was deemed negative by most bond-rating services in 2017. Tourism Beaches and the islands at Tourism has been developed considerably in recent decades, particularly because of its favorable geographical position, the variety of landscapes, the richness of and , the artistic expressions and the privileged tropical climate of the country, which affords each region especially the beaches throughout the year. It is an island with a modern infrastructure, bordered by beautiful beaches suitable for extreme sports, and features castles, fortresses and churches of great cultural value. Shortages Empty shelves in a store in Venezuela due to shortages in Venezuela have been prevalent following the enactment of price controls and other policies during the. Under the , greater shortages occurred due to the Venezuelan government's policy of withholding United States dollars from importers with price controls. Shortages occur in regulated products, such as milk, various types of meat, chicken, coffee, rice, oil, precooked flour, butter prices, luxuries such as breast implants, and goods including basic necessities like toilet paper, personal hygiene products, and even medicine. As a result of the shortages, Venezuelans must search for food, wait in lines for hours and sometimes settle without having certain products. A drought, combined with a lack of planning and maintenance, has caused a hydroelectricity shortage. To deal with lack of power supply, in April 2016 the Maduro government announced rolling blackouts and reduced the government to only Monday and Tuesday. A multi-university study found that, in 2016 alone, about 75% of Venezuelans lost weight due to hunger, with the average losing about 8. By late-2016 and into 2017, Venezuelans had to search for food on a daily basis, occasionally resorting to eating wild fruit or , wait in lines for hours and sometimes settle without having certain products. By early 2017, priests began telling Venezuelans to label their garbage so needy individuals could feed on their refuse. In March 2017, Venezuela, with the largest oil reserves in the world, began having shortages of in some regions with reports that fuel imports had begun. Petroleum and other resources See also: and Venezuela has the largest oil reserves, and the eighth largest natural gas reserves in the world, and consistently ranks among the top ten world crude oil producers. Compared to the preceding year another 40. The country's main petroleum deposits are located around and beneath Lake Maracaibo, the Gulf of Venezuela both in , and in the Orinoco River basin , where the country's largest reserve is located. Besides the largest conventional oil reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere, Venezuela has non-conventional oil deposits , and approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil. The is one of the few to rely primarily on , and includes the Guri Dam, one of the largest in the world. In the first half of the 20th century, US oil companies were heavily involved in Venezuela, initially interested only in purchasing concessions. In 1960, with a newly installed democratic government, Hydrocarbons Minister Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso led the creation of OPEC, the consortium of oil-producing countries aiming to support the price of oil. In 1973, Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry outright, effective 1 January 1976, with PDVSA taking over and presiding over a number of holding companies; in subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and marketing system in the U. In the 1990s PDVSA became more independent from the government and presided over an apertura opening in which it invited in foreign investment. Under Hugo Chávez a 2001 law placed limits on foreign investment. The state oil company PDVSA played a key role in the December 2002 — February 2003 national strike which sought President Chávez' resignation. Managers and skilled highly paid technicians of PDVSA shut down the plants and left their posts, and by some reports sabotaged equipment, and petroleum production and refining by PDVSA almost ceased. Activities eventually were slowly restarted by returning and substitute oil workers. Transport in Plaza Venezuela Venezuela is connected to the world primarily via air include the in Maiquetía, near Caracas and near and sea with major sea ports at La Guaira, Maracaibo and. In the south and east the Amazon rainforest region has limited cross-border transport; in the west, there is a mountainous border of over 2,213 kilometres 1,375 mi shared with Colombia. The River is navigable by oceangoing vessels up to 400 kilometres 250 mi inland, and connects the major industrial city of Ciudad Guayana to the Atlantic Ocean. Venezuela has a limited , which has no active rail connections to other countries. Several major cities have metro systems; the Caracas Metro has been operating since 1983. The and were opened more recently. Venezuela has a road network of nearly 100,000 kilometres 62,000 mi in length, placing the country ; around a third of roads are paved. Population density of Venezuela by parroquias parishes according to the results of 2011 Census. Yellow tones denote urban areas. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas, which is also the largest city. About 93% of the population lives in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than 100 kilometres 62 mi from the coastline. Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there. The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is , which is the sixth most populous. Other major cities include , , , Maracaibo, , and. According to a 2014 study by sociologists of the , over 1. It is estimated that the majority of the population is of , or mixed, ethnic ancestry. Nevertheless, in the 2011 census, which Venezuelans were asked to identify themselves according to their customs and ancestry, the term mestizo was excluded from the answers. The majority claimed to be mestizo or white — 51. In the German-style town in is the largest colony of. Ethnic minorities in Venezuela consist of groups that descend mainly from African or indigenous peoples; 2. Among indigenous people, 58% were , 7% , 5% , 4% , 3% , 3% , 3% , 3% , 2% , 2% and 1% ; the remaining 9% consisted of other indigenous nations. During the colonial period and until after the Second World War, many of the European immigrants to Venezuela came from the , which had a significant cultural impact on the cuisine and customs of Venezuela. These influences on Venezuela have led to the nation being called the 8th island of the Canaries. With the start of oil exploitation in the early 20th century, companies from the United States began establishing operations in Venezuela, bringing with them US citizens. Later, during and after the war, new waves of immigrants from other parts of Europe, the Middle East, and China began; many were encouraged by government-established and lenient immigration policies. During the 20th century, Venezuela, along with the rest of Latin America, received millions of immigrants from Europe. This was especially true post-World War II, as a consequence of war-ridden Europe. During the 1970s, while experiencing an oil-export boom, Venezuela received millions of immigrants from Ecuador, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic. Due to the belief that this immigration influx depressed wages, some Venezuelans opposed European immigration. The Venezuelan government, however, were actively recruiting immigrants from Eastern Europe to fill a need for engineers. Millions of Colombians, as well as Middle Eastern and Haitian populations would continue immigrating to Venezuela into the early 21st century. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Venezuela hosted a population of and asylum seekers from Colombia numbering 252,200 in 2007, and 10,600 new asylum seekers entered Venezuela in 2007. Between 500,000 and one million are estimated to be living in the country. The total indigenous population of the country is estimated at about 500 thousand people 2. The Constitution recognizes the multi-ethnic, pluri-cultural, and multilingual character of the country and includes a chapter devoted to indigenous peoples' rights, which opened up spaces for their political inclusion at national and local level in 1999. Most indigenous peoples are concentrated in eight states along Venezuela's borders with Brazil, Guyana, and Colombia, and the majority groups are the , the Warao east , the Yanomami south , and the Pemon southeast. Languages Main article: Although the country is mostly monolingual Spanish, many languages are spoken in Venezuela. In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes more than thirty indigenous languages, including Wayuu, Warao, Pemón, and many others for the official use of the indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers — less than 1% of the total population. Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages. Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas. Portuguese is spoken not only by the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén but also by much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil. The German community speaks their native language, while the people of people speaks mostly an dialect of German called. Culturally, English is common in southern towns like , for the English-speaking native influence evident in folk songs and calypso Venezuelan and French with English voices. English was brought by and other immigrants. A variety of is spoken by a small community in El Callao and. Other languages spoken by large communities in the country are and , among others. Religion No answer 1% According to a 2011 poll GIS XXI , 88 percent of the population is Christian, primarily 71% , and the remaining 17 percent , primarily in Latin America Protestants are usually called Evangelicos. The Venezuelans without religion are 8% 2% and or indifferent 6% , almost 3% of the population follow other religion 1% of them are of. There are small but influential , , and communities. The Muslim community of more than 100,000 is concentrated among persons of and descent living in Nueva Esparta State, and the Caracas area. Buddhism in Venezuela is practiced by over 52,000 people. The Buddhist community is made up mainly of , , and. There are Buddhist centers in Caracas, Maracay, Mérida, Puerto Ordáz, San Felipe, and Valencia. The Jewish community has shrunk in recent years due to rising , with the population declining from 22,000 in 1999 to less than 7,000 in 2015. The joropo, as depicted in a 1912 drawing by. The culture of Venezuela is a melting pot, which includes mainly three different families: The indigenous, African, and Spanish. The first two cultures were in turn differentiated according to the tribes. Acculturation and assimilation, typical of a cultural syncretism, caused an arrival at the current Venezuelan culture, similar in many respects to the rest of Latin America, although the natural environment means that there are important differences. The indigenous influence is limited to a few words of vocabulary and gastronomy and many place names. The African influence in the same way, in addition to musical instruments like the drum. The Spanish influence was predominant due to the colonization process and the socioeconomic structure it created and in particular came from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura, the places of origin of most settlers in the Caribbean during the colonial era. An example of this includes buildings, music, the Catholic religion, and language. Spanish influences are evident in bullfights and certain features of gastronomy. Venezuela was also enriched by other streams of Indian and European origin in the 19th century, especially from France. In the latest stage in the major cities and regions oil of U. For example, from United States comes the influence of taste for baseball, US-style fast food, and current architectural constructions. Art Main article: originated soon after the Spanish conquest of the mostly pre-literate indigenous societies. It was originally dominated by. Following the rise of political literature during the Venezuelan War of Independence, Venezuelan , notably expounded by , emerged as the first important genre in the region. Although mainly focused on writing, Venezuelan literature was advanced by poets such as and. Major writers and novelists include , , , , , and. The great poet and humanist was also an educator and intellectual He was also a childhood tutor and mentor of Simón Bolívar. Others, such as and , contributed to Venezuelan. Music , also called Música Llanera, is a music genre representative to and culture. Indigenous are exemplified by the groups and. The national musical instrument is the. Typical musical styles and pieces mainly emerged in and around the llanos region, including Alma Llanera by and , Florentino y el diablo by , Concierto en la llanura by , and by. The Zulian is also a very popular style, generally performed during Christmas. The national dance is the. Venezuela has always been a melting pot of cultures and this can be seen in the richness and variety of its musical styles and dances: , , , cantos de pilado de maíz, cantos de lavanderas, , and. In the last years, Classical Music has had great performances. The , under the baton of its principal conductor and José Antonio Abreu, has hosted a number of excellent presentations in many European concert halls, notably at the 2007 London , and has received several honors. The orchestra is the pinnacle of , a publicly financed voluntary sector music education program now being emulated in other countries. Some groups in this tradition are Tambor Urbano, Los Sinverguenzas, the C4Trio, and Orozco Jam. Specific songs are related to the different stages of the festival and of the procession, when the saints start their yearly paseo — stroll — through the community to dance with their people. Sport in 2015 The origins of baseball in Venezuela is unclear, although it is known that the sport was being played in the nation by the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, North American immigrants who came to Venezuela to work in the nation's oil industry helped to popularize the sport in Venezuela. During the 1930s, baseball's popularity continued to rise in the country, leading to the foundation of the LVBP in 1945, and the sport would soon become the nation's most popular. The immense popularity of baseball in the country makes Venezuela a rarity among its South American neighbors— is the dominant sport in the continent. However, football, as well as , are among the more popular sports played in Venezuela. Venezuela hosted the and the , which took place in. The sport is also noted for having an increased focus during the World Cup. According to the alphabetical rotation policy established in 2011, Venezuela is scheduled to host the every 40 years. Venezuela is also home to former driver,. At the , he claimed his first pole and victory and became the first and only Venezuelan to have done so in the history of Formula 1. Maldonado has increased the reception of Formula 1 in Venezuela, helping to popularize the sport in the nation. In the , Venezuelan won a gold medal in. Cuisine Main article: The Venezuelan cuisine, one of the most varied in the region, reflects the climatic contrasts and cultures coexisting in Venezuela. Among them are , , , empanadas, pisca andina, tarkarí de chivo, jalea de mango, patacón, and fried camiguanas. Architecture was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he designed the Central University of Venezuela, a and its Aula Magna. Other notable architectural works include the Capitolio, the , the , and the. Illiteracy rate in Venezuela based on data from UNESCO and the Instituto Nacional de Estadística INE of Venezuela. The literacy rate for the adult population was already 91. Net enrollment rate was at 91% in 2005. Net secondary enrollment rate was at 63% in 2005. Venezuela has a number of universities, of which the most prestigious are the Central University of Venezuela UCV , founded in in 1721, the LUZ founded in 1891, the ULA , founded in Mérida State in 1810, the USB , founded in Miranda State in 1967 and the UDO , founded in Sucre State in 1958. Currently, large numbers of Venezuelan graduates seek for a future elsewhere due to the country's troubled economy and heavy crime rate. In a study titled Venezolana Community Abroad. A New Method of Exile by Thomas Paez, Mercedes Vivas and Juan Rafael Pulido of the , over 1. It is believed nearly 12% of Venezuelans live abroad with Ireland becoming a popular destination for students. According to Claudio Bifano, president of the Venezuelan Academy of Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, more than half of medical graduates in 2013 had left Venezuela. By 2018, more than half of children in Venezuela of school, with 58% of students quitting nationwide while areas near bordering countries saw more than 80% of their students leave. Nationwide, about 93% of schools do not meet the minimum requirements to operate and 77% do not have utilities such as food, water or electricity. Deaths of children under one year in Venezuela according to the Ministry of Popular Power for Health. Child defined as stunting or wasting in children under age five was 17%; Delta Amacuro and Amazonas had the nation's highest rates. According to the , 32% of Venezuelans lacked adequate sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas. Diseases ranging from , , , , , , , , and were present in the country. Venezuela had a total of 150. However, 13% of the population lacked access to drinking water, but this number had been dropping. 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